两者有区别:

investigation,是调查侦查科学研究学术研究的意思,突出重点是调查和研究。例如:

The investigation has entered a new phase.调查已进入新阶段。

examination是检查审查调查考查考察检验的意思。突出重点是检查。

On closer examination it was found that the signature was not genuine.(经过进一步认真检查发现签名是伪造的)。