by+年份,表示“到……年为止”

如:

by 2020  2020年之前

By + 时间表达式,用来暗示不迟于某个时间做完某事,也就是这个时间点是做完某事的最后时间,通常后面接确定的时间,如几点或星期几等,意为”不迟于“

例如:

Guests must vacate their hotel rooms by 11 am.客人必须在上午11点前离开酒店房间。

Please send us the payment by tomorrow.请在明天之前把货款寄给我们。

They said that the plumber would be here by Monday.他们说水管工星期一会到。

The postman is always here by 11 am.

邮递员总是在上午11点以前到这儿。

此时的 by 与 before 的在时间上是有很大差别的,例如:

a. She has to submit her homework before Friday.

b. She has to submit her homework by Friday.

解析:句a的内在意思是作业最迟必须在星期四交上来,而句b的内在意思是作业必须在星期五午夜前交,两句差了12个小时,所以它们表示的截止时间还是有差距的,要认真使用,特别是在上级交代下属任务的时候。